The way Football is Played.......
How is football played?
Football (soccer) positions and Formation (football) A goalkeeper dives to stop the ball from entering his goal. A football match.(AOL-Arena in Hamburg, Germany, May 2004)Football is played in accordance with aset of rules, known as the Laws of the Game. The game is played using a singleround ball (the football), and two teams of eleven players each compete to getthe ball into the other team's goal, thereby scoring a goal. The team that hasscored more goals at the conclusion of the game is the winner; if both teamshave scored an equal number of goals, then the game is a draw. There areexceptions to this rule, however; see Duration and tie-breaking methods below.The primary rule is that the players (other than the goalkeepers) may notintentionally touch the ball with their hands or arms during play (though theydo use their hands during a throw-in restart). Although players mainly usetheir feet to move the ball around, they may use any part of their bodies otherthan their hands or arms.In typical game play, players attempt to propel the ball toward their opponents'goal through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling (running withthe ball close to their feet), passing the ball to a team-mate, and by takingshots at the goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposingplayers may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or throughtackling the opponent who controls the ball; however, physical contact betweenopponents is restricted. Football is generally a free-flowing game, with playstopping only when the ball has left the field of play, or when play is stoppedby the referee. After a stoppage, play recommences with a specified restart.At a professional level, most matches produce only a few goals. For example,during the English 2005-06 season of the FA Premier League, an average of 2.48goals per match were scored
Football (soccer) positions and Formation (football) A goalkeeper dives to stop the ball from entering his goal. A football match.(AOL-Arena in Hamburg, Germany, May 2004)Football is played in accordance with aset of rules, known as the Laws of the Game. The game is played using a singleround ball (the football), and two teams of eleven players each compete to getthe ball into the other team's goal, thereby scoring a goal. The team that hasscored more goals at the conclusion of the game is the winner; if both teamshave scored an equal number of goals, then the game is a draw. There areexceptions to this rule, however; see Duration and tie-breaking methods below.The primary rule is that the players (other than the goalkeepers) may notintentionally touch the ball with their hands or arms during play (though theydo use their hands during a throw-in restart). Although players mainly usetheir feet to move the ball around, they may use any part of their bodies otherthan their hands or arms.In typical game play, players attempt to propel the ball toward their opponents'goal through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling (running withthe ball close to their feet), passing the ball to a team-mate, and by takingshots at the goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposingplayers may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or throughtackling the opponent who controls the ball; however, physical contact betweenopponents is restricted. Football is generally a free-flowing game, with playstopping only when the ball has left the field of play, or when play is stoppedby the referee. After a stoppage, play recommences with a specified restart.At a professional level, most matches produce only a few goals. For example,during the English 2005-06 season of the FA Premier League, an average of 2.48goals per match were scored
The Laws of the Game do not specify any player positions other than goalkeeper,but a number of player specialisations have evolved. Broadly, these includethree main categories: strikers, or forwards, whose main task is to scoregoals; defenders, who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring;and midfielders, who dispossess the opposition and keep possession of the ballin order to pass it to the forwards; players in these positions are referred toas outfield players, in order to discern them from the single goalkeeper. Thesepositions are further differentiated by which side of the field the playerspends most time in. For example, there are central defenders, and left andright midfielders. The ten outfield players may be arranged in these positionsin any combination (for example, there may be four defenders, four midfielders,and two forwards, or three defenders, three midfielders, and four forwards), andthe number of players in each position determines the style of the team's play;more forwards and fewer defenders would create a more aggressive andoffensive-minded game, while the reverse would create a slower, more defensivestyle of play. While players may spend most of the game in a specific position,there are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positionsat any time. The layout of the players on the pitch is called the team'sformation, and defining the team's formation and tactics is usually theprerogative of the team's manager.
History and developmentSee also: Football and History of football (soccer)Games revolving around the kicking of a ball have been played in many countriesthrough history. The earliest documented version is the Mesoamerica ballgame,played by the Olmec as early as 1500 BCE. The Chinese game Cuju is mentioned inmilitary manuals from the time of the Qin Dynasty (255–206 BCE).
Otherancient ball games include kemari in Japan and the Roman game Harpastum.Various forms of mob football were played in medieval Europe, though rulesvaried greatly by both period and location.The rules of football as they are codified today are based on mid-19th centuryefforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played at thepublic schools of England. However this theory has been challenged after thefinding of a book written in 1633 in Scotland some 200 years before the FA wasfounded.
This is the BBC article about the claim. This new finding has theability to completely rewrite the history of football. However according toprevious belief the first set of rules were the first to resemble the moderngame. They were produced at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1848, at a meetingattended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsburyschools, but they were not universally adopted. During the 1850s, many clubsunconnected to schools or universities were formed throughout theEnglish-speaking world to play various forms of football. Some came up withtheir own distinct codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football Club(formed by former pupils from Harrow) in 1857, which led to formation of aSheffield FA in 1867. In 1862, John Charles Thring of Uppingham School alsodevised an influential set of rules.
These efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association (The FA)in 1863 which first met on the morning of 26 October 1863 at the Freemason'sTavern in Great Queen Street, London.
The only school to be represented onthis occasion was Charterhouse. The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for fivemore meetings between October and December, which eventually produced the firstcomprehensive set of rules. At the final meeting, the first FA treasurer, therepresentative from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the removalof two draft rules at the previous meeting, the first which allowed for therunning with the ball in hand and the second, obstructing such a run by hacking(kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other English rugbyclubs followed this lead and did not join the FA but instead in 1871 formed theRugby Football Union. The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge of EbenezerCobb Morley, went on to ratify the original fourteen rules of the game. Despitethis, the Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s.Today the laws of the game are determined by the International FootballAssociation Board (IFAB). The Board was formed in 1886.
After a meeting inManchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, theFootball Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. The world'soldest football competition is the FA Cup, which has been contested by Englishteams since 1872. England is also home to the world's first football league,which was founded in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor.
Theoriginal format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and the North of England.The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the internationalfootball body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhereto Laws of the Game of the Football Association.
The growing popularity ofthe international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to theIFAB in 1913. The board currently consists of four representatives from FIFAand one representative from each of the four British associations.Today, football is played at a professional level all over the world, andmillions of people regularly go to football stadia to follow their favouriteteam.
Whilst billions more watch the game on television. A very largenumber of people also play football at an amateur level. According to a surveyconducted by FIFA and published in the spring of 2001, over 240 million peopleregularly play football in more than 200 countries in every part of theworld.
Its simple rules and minimal equipment requirements have no doubtaided its spread and growth in popularity.In many parts of the world football evokes great passions and plays an importantrole in the life of individual fans, local communities, and even nations; it istherefore often claimed to be the most popular sport in the world. ESPN hasspread the claim that the Côte d'Ivoire national football team helped secure atruce to the nation's civil war in 2005. By contrast, however, football iswidely considered to be the final proximate cause in the Football War in June1969 between El Salvador and Honduras. The sport also exacerbated tensions atthe beginning of the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s, when a Red StarBelgrade-at-Dinamo Zagreb match devolved into rioting in March 1990.
Laws of the Game Football is popular among children as well as adults.Overview of the LawsMain article: Laws of the GameThere are seventeen Laws in the official Laws of the Game. The same Laws aredesigned to apply to all levels of football, although certain modifications forgroups such as juniors, seniors or women are permitted. The Laws are oftenframed in broad terms, which allow flexibility in their application dependingon the nature of the game. In addition to the seventeen Laws, numerous IFABdecisions and other directives contribute to the regulation of football. TheLaws can be found on the official FIFA website
Players, equipment and officialsSee also: Goalkeeper (football), Substitute (football), and Kit (associationfootball)Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), oneof whom must be the goalkeeper. Competition rules may state a minimum number ofplayers required to constitute a team; this is usually seven. Goalkeepers arethe only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, but theyare only allowed to do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal.Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper)players are strategically placed by a manager or coach, these positions are notdefined or required by the Laws.The basic equipment players are required to wear includes a shirt, shorts,socks, footwear and adequate shin guards. Players are forbidden to wear or useanything that is dangerous to themselves or another player (including jewelleryor watches). The goalkeeper must wear clothing that is easily distinguishablefrom that worn by the other players and the match officials.A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of thegame. The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitiveinternational and domestic league games is three, though the number permittedmay be varied in other leagues or in friendly matches. Common reasons for asubstitution include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, oras a defensive ploy to use up a little time at the end of a finely poised game.In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not takefurther part in the match.A game is officiated by a referee, who has "full authority to enforce theLaws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has beenappointed" (Law 5), and whose decisions are final. The referee is assistedby two assistant referees. In many high-level games there is also a fourthofficial (and in the world cup a fifth official), who assist(s) the referee andmay replace another official should the need arise.[edit]Playing fieldMain article: Football pitch Standard pitch measurements (See Imperial version)Due to the original formulation of the Laws in England and the early supremacyof the four British football associations within IFAB, the standard dimensionsof a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units. The Laws nowexpress dimensions with approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditionalunits in brackets), though popular use tends to continue to use traditionalunits.The length of the rectangular field (pitch) specified for international adultmatches is in the range 100-110 m (110-120 yards) and the width is in the range65-75 m (70-80 yards). Fields for non-international matches may be 100-130 yardslength and 50-100 yards in width. The longer boundary lines are touchlines orsidelines, while the shorter boundaries (on which the goals are placed) aregoal lines. On the goal line at each end of the field a rectangular goal iscentred. The inner edges of the vertical goal posts must be 8 yards (7.32 m)apart, and the lower edge of the horizontal crossbar supported by the goalposts must be 8 feet (2.44 m) above the ground. Nets are usually placed behindthe goal, but are not required by the Laws.In front of each goal is an area of the field known as the penalty area(colloquially "penalty box", "18 yard box" or simply"the box"). This area is marked by the goal-line, two lines startingon the goal-line 18 yards (16.5 m) from the goalposts and extending 18 yardsinto the pitch perpendicular to the goal-line, and a line joining them. Thisarea has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark where thegoalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penal foul by a defender becomespunishable by a penalty kick.The field has other field markings and defined areas; these are described in themain article above. Minutes before kick-off for a UEFA Champions League clash.
Duration and tie-breaking methodsA standard adult football match consists of two periods of 45 minutes each,known as halves. There is usually a 15-minute "half-time" break. Theend of the match is known as full-time.The referee is the official timekeeper for the match, and may make an allowancefor time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, orother stoppages. This added time is commonly referred to as stoppage time orinjury time. The amount of time is at the sole discretion of the referee, andthe referee alone signals when the match has been completed. In matches where afourth official is appointed, toward the end of the half the referee will signalhow many minutes remain to be played, and the fourth official then signals thisto players and spectators by holding up a board showing this number.In league competitions games may end in a draw, but in some knockoutcompetitions if a game is tied at the end of regulation time it may go intoextra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the score isstill tied after extra time, some competitions allow the use of penaltyshootouts (known officially in the Laws of the Game as "kicks from thepenalty mark") to determine which team will progress to the next stage ofthe tournament. Goals scored during extra time periods count toward the finalscore of the game, but kicks from the penalty mark are only used to decide theteam that progresses to the next part of the tournament (with goals scored in apenalty shootout not making up part of the final score).Competitions held over two legs (in which each team plays at home once) may usethe away goals rule to attempt to determine which team progresses in the eventof an equal aggregate scoreline. If the result is still equal following thiscalculation kicks from the penalty mark are usually required, though somecompetitions may require a tied game to be replayed.In the late 1990s, the IFAB experimented with ways of making matches more likelyto end without requiring a penalty shootout, which was often seen as anundesirable way to end a match. These involved rules ending a game in extratime early, either when the first goal in extra time was scored (golden goal),or if one team held a lead at the end of the first period of extra time (silvergoal). Golden goal was used at the World Cup in 1998 (France) and 2002(Japan-South Korea). The first World Cup game decided by a golden goal wasFrance's victory over Paraguay in 1998. In Euro 1996, Germany was the firstnation to score a golden goal in a major competition, beating Czech Republic inthe final. Silver goal was used in Euro 2004 (Portugal). Both these experimentshave been discontinued by IFAB.
This is the BBC article about the claim. This new finding has theability to completely rewrite the history of football. However according toprevious belief the first set of rules were the first to resemble the moderngame. They were produced at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1848, at a meetingattended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsburyschools, but they were not universally adopted. During the 1850s, many clubsunconnected to schools or universities were formed throughout theEnglish-speaking world to play various forms of football. Some came up withtheir own distinct codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football Club(formed by former pupils from Harrow) in 1857, which led to formation of aSheffield FA in 1867. In 1862, John Charles Thring of Uppingham School alsodevised an influential set of rules.
These efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association (The FA)in 1863 which first met on the morning of 26 October 1863 at the Freemason'sTavern in Great Queen Street, London.
The only school to be represented onthis occasion was Charterhouse. The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for fivemore meetings between October and December, which eventually produced the firstcomprehensive set of rules. At the final meeting, the first FA treasurer, therepresentative from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the removalof two draft rules at the previous meeting, the first which allowed for therunning with the ball in hand and the second, obstructing such a run by hacking(kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other English rugbyclubs followed this lead and did not join the FA but instead in 1871 formed theRugby Football Union. The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge of EbenezerCobb Morley, went on to ratify the original fourteen rules of the game. Despitethis, the Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s.Today the laws of the game are determined by the International FootballAssociation Board (IFAB). The Board was formed in 1886.
After a meeting inManchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, theFootball Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. The world'soldest football competition is the FA Cup, which has been contested by Englishteams since 1872. England is also home to the world's first football league,which was founded in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor.
Theoriginal format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and the North of England.The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the internationalfootball body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhereto Laws of the Game of the Football Association.
The growing popularity ofthe international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to theIFAB in 1913. The board currently consists of four representatives from FIFAand one representative from each of the four British associations.Today, football is played at a professional level all over the world, andmillions of people regularly go to football stadia to follow their favouriteteam.
Whilst billions more watch the game on television. A very largenumber of people also play football at an amateur level. According to a surveyconducted by FIFA and published in the spring of 2001, over 240 million peopleregularly play football in more than 200 countries in every part of theworld.
Its simple rules and minimal equipment requirements have no doubtaided its spread and growth in popularity.In many parts of the world football evokes great passions and plays an importantrole in the life of individual fans, local communities, and even nations; it istherefore often claimed to be the most popular sport in the world. ESPN hasspread the claim that the Côte d'Ivoire national football team helped secure atruce to the nation's civil war in 2005. By contrast, however, football iswidely considered to be the final proximate cause in the Football War in June1969 between El Salvador and Honduras. The sport also exacerbated tensions atthe beginning of the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s, when a Red StarBelgrade-at-Dinamo Zagreb match devolved into rioting in March 1990.
Laws of the Game Football is popular among children as well as adults.Overview of the LawsMain article: Laws of the GameThere are seventeen Laws in the official Laws of the Game. The same Laws aredesigned to apply to all levels of football, although certain modifications forgroups such as juniors, seniors or women are permitted. The Laws are oftenframed in broad terms, which allow flexibility in their application dependingon the nature of the game. In addition to the seventeen Laws, numerous IFABdecisions and other directives contribute to the regulation of football. TheLaws can be found on the official FIFA website
Players, equipment and officialsSee also: Goalkeeper (football), Substitute (football), and Kit (associationfootball)Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), oneof whom must be the goalkeeper. Competition rules may state a minimum number ofplayers required to constitute a team; this is usually seven. Goalkeepers arethe only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, but theyare only allowed to do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal.Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper)players are strategically placed by a manager or coach, these positions are notdefined or required by the Laws.The basic equipment players are required to wear includes a shirt, shorts,socks, footwear and adequate shin guards. Players are forbidden to wear or useanything that is dangerous to themselves or another player (including jewelleryor watches). The goalkeeper must wear clothing that is easily distinguishablefrom that worn by the other players and the match officials.A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of thegame. The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitiveinternational and domestic league games is three, though the number permittedmay be varied in other leagues or in friendly matches. Common reasons for asubstitution include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, oras a defensive ploy to use up a little time at the end of a finely poised game.In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not takefurther part in the match.A game is officiated by a referee, who has "full authority to enforce theLaws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has beenappointed" (Law 5), and whose decisions are final. The referee is assistedby two assistant referees. In many high-level games there is also a fourthofficial (and in the world cup a fifth official), who assist(s) the referee andmay replace another official should the need arise.[edit]Playing fieldMain article: Football pitch Standard pitch measurements (See Imperial version)Due to the original formulation of the Laws in England and the early supremacyof the four British football associations within IFAB, the standard dimensionsof a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units. The Laws nowexpress dimensions with approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditionalunits in brackets), though popular use tends to continue to use traditionalunits.The length of the rectangular field (pitch) specified for international adultmatches is in the range 100-110 m (110-120 yards) and the width is in the range65-75 m (70-80 yards). Fields for non-international matches may be 100-130 yardslength and 50-100 yards in width. The longer boundary lines are touchlines orsidelines, while the shorter boundaries (on which the goals are placed) aregoal lines. On the goal line at each end of the field a rectangular goal iscentred. The inner edges of the vertical goal posts must be 8 yards (7.32 m)apart, and the lower edge of the horizontal crossbar supported by the goalposts must be 8 feet (2.44 m) above the ground. Nets are usually placed behindthe goal, but are not required by the Laws.In front of each goal is an area of the field known as the penalty area(colloquially "penalty box", "18 yard box" or simply"the box"). This area is marked by the goal-line, two lines startingon the goal-line 18 yards (16.5 m) from the goalposts and extending 18 yardsinto the pitch perpendicular to the goal-line, and a line joining them. Thisarea has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark where thegoalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penal foul by a defender becomespunishable by a penalty kick.The field has other field markings and defined areas; these are described in themain article above. Minutes before kick-off for a UEFA Champions League clash.
Duration and tie-breaking methodsA standard adult football match consists of two periods of 45 minutes each,known as halves. There is usually a 15-minute "half-time" break. Theend of the match is known as full-time.The referee is the official timekeeper for the match, and may make an allowancefor time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, orother stoppages. This added time is commonly referred to as stoppage time orinjury time. The amount of time is at the sole discretion of the referee, andthe referee alone signals when the match has been completed. In matches where afourth official is appointed, toward the end of the half the referee will signalhow many minutes remain to be played, and the fourth official then signals thisto players and spectators by holding up a board showing this number.In league competitions games may end in a draw, but in some knockoutcompetitions if a game is tied at the end of regulation time it may go intoextra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the score isstill tied after extra time, some competitions allow the use of penaltyshootouts (known officially in the Laws of the Game as "kicks from thepenalty mark") to determine which team will progress to the next stage ofthe tournament. Goals scored during extra time periods count toward the finalscore of the game, but kicks from the penalty mark are only used to decide theteam that progresses to the next part of the tournament (with goals scored in apenalty shootout not making up part of the final score).Competitions held over two legs (in which each team plays at home once) may usethe away goals rule to attempt to determine which team progresses in the eventof an equal aggregate scoreline. If the result is still equal following thiscalculation kicks from the penalty mark are usually required, though somecompetitions may require a tied game to be replayed.In the late 1990s, the IFAB experimented with ways of making matches more likelyto end without requiring a penalty shootout, which was often seen as anundesirable way to end a match. These involved rules ending a game in extratime early, either when the first goal in extra time was scored (golden goal),or if one team held a lead at the end of the first period of extra time (silvergoal). Golden goal was used at the World Cup in 1998 (France) and 2002(Japan-South Korea). The first World Cup game decided by a golden goal wasFrance's victory over Paraguay in 1998. In Euro 1996, Germany was the firstnation to score a golden goal in a major competition, beating Czech Republic inthe final. Silver goal was used in Euro 2004 (Portugal). Both these experimentshave been discontinued by IFAB.
Ball in and out of playMain article: Ball in and out of playUnder the Laws, the two basic states of play during a game are ball in play andball out of play. From the beginning of each playing period with a kick-off (aset kick from the centre-spot by one team) until the end of the playing period,the ball is in play at all times, except when either the ball leaves the fieldof play, or play is stopped by the referee. When the ball becomes out of play,play is restarted by one of eight restart methods, the method used depending onthe reason for the ball going out of play: View of the National Stadium, Singapore just before the commencement of the 2004Tiger Cup finals match.Kick-off: following a goal by the opposing team, or to begin each period ofplay. Throw-in: when the ball has wholly crossed the touchline; awarded to opposingteam to that which last touched the ball. Goal kick: when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goal havingbeen scored and having last been touched by an attacker; awarded to defendingteam. Corner kick: when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goalhaving been scored and having last been touched by a defender; awarded toattacking team. Indirect free kick: awarded to the opposing team following "non-penal"fouls, certain technical infringements, or when play is stopped tocaution/send-off an opponent without a specific foul having occurred. Direct free kick: awarded to fouled team following certain listed"penal" fouls. Penalty kick: awarded to the fouled team following a "penal" fouloccurring in their opponent's penalty area. Dropped-ball: occurs when the referee has stopped play for any other reason(e.g., a serious injury to a player, interference by an external party, or aball becoming defective). This restart is uncommon in adult games.
Fouls and misconduct : Foul (football) and Misconduct (football) Players are cautioned with a yellow card, and sent off with a red card. A foul occurs when a player commits a specific offence listed in the Laws of theGame when the ball is in play. The offences that constitute a foul are listed inLaw 12. Handling the ball, tripping an opponent, or pushing an opponent, areexamples of "penal fouls", punishable by a direct free kick orpenalty kick depending on where the offence occurred. Other fouls arepunishable by an indirect free kick.The referee may punish a player or substitute's misconduct by a caution (yellowcard) or sending-off (red card). Misconduct may occur at any time, and whilethe offences that constitute misconduct are listed, the definitions are broad.In particular, the offence of "unsporting behaviour" may be used todeal with most events that violate the spirit of the game, even if they are notlisted as specific offences.Rather than stopping play, the referee may allow play to continue when itscontinuation will benefit the team against which an offence has been committed.This is known as "playing an advantage". The referee may "callback" play and penalise the original offence if the anticipated advantagedoes not ensue within a short period of time, typically taken to be four tofive seconds. Even if an offence is not penalised because the referee plays anadvantage, the offender may still be sanctioned for any associated misconductat the next stoppage of play.Offside (football)The offside law effectively limits the ability of attacking players to remainforward (i.e. closer to the opponent's goal-line) of both the ball and thesecond-last defending player.
tourFootball (soccer) tactics and skills Football (soccer) positions Formation (football).
Governing bodiesThe recognised international governing body of football (and associated games,such as futsal and beach soccer) is the Fédération Internationale de FootballAssociation (FIFA). The FIFA headquarters are located in Zurich, Switzerland.Six regional confederations are associated with FIFA; these are:Asia: Asian Football Confederation (AFC) Africa: Confederation of African Football (CAF) Central/North America & Caribbean: Confederation of North, Central Americanand Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF; also known as The FootballConfederation) Europe: Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) Oceania: Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) South America: Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (South American FootballConfederation; CONMEBOL) The recognised various national associations (see football around the world)oversee football within their jurisdictions. These are affiliated both withFIFA directly and also with their respective continental confederations.The Laws of the Game are not maintained by FIFA itself; rather they aremaintained by the International Football Association Board, as discussed in thehistory and development section above.
Major international competitionsThe major international competition in football is the World Cup, organised byFIFA. This competition takes place over a four-year period. More than 190national teams compete in qualifying tournaments within the scope ofcontinental confederations for a place in the finals. The finals
Fouls and misconduct : Foul (football) and Misconduct (football) Players are cautioned with a yellow card, and sent off with a red card. A foul occurs when a player commits a specific offence listed in the Laws of theGame when the ball is in play. The offences that constitute a foul are listed inLaw 12. Handling the ball, tripping an opponent, or pushing an opponent, areexamples of "penal fouls", punishable by a direct free kick orpenalty kick depending on where the offence occurred. Other fouls arepunishable by an indirect free kick.The referee may punish a player or substitute's misconduct by a caution (yellowcard) or sending-off (red card). Misconduct may occur at any time, and whilethe offences that constitute misconduct are listed, the definitions are broad.In particular, the offence of "unsporting behaviour" may be used todeal with most events that violate the spirit of the game, even if they are notlisted as specific offences.Rather than stopping play, the referee may allow play to continue when itscontinuation will benefit the team against which an offence has been committed.This is known as "playing an advantage". The referee may "callback" play and penalise the original offence if the anticipated advantagedoes not ensue within a short period of time, typically taken to be four tofive seconds. Even if an offence is not penalised because the referee plays anadvantage, the offender may still be sanctioned for any associated misconductat the next stoppage of play.Offside (football)The offside law effectively limits the ability of attacking players to remainforward (i.e. closer to the opponent's goal-line) of both the ball and thesecond-last defending player.
tourFootball (soccer) tactics and skills Football (soccer) positions Formation (football).
Governing bodiesThe recognised international governing body of football (and associated games,such as futsal and beach soccer) is the Fédération Internationale de FootballAssociation (FIFA). The FIFA headquarters are located in Zurich, Switzerland.Six regional confederations are associated with FIFA; these are:Asia: Asian Football Confederation (AFC) Africa: Confederation of African Football (CAF) Central/North America & Caribbean: Confederation of North, Central Americanand Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF; also known as The FootballConfederation) Europe: Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) Oceania: Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) South America: Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (South American FootballConfederation; CONMEBOL) The recognised various national associations (see football around the world)oversee football within their jurisdictions. These are affiliated both withFIFA directly and also with their respective continental confederations.The Laws of the Game are not maintained by FIFA itself; rather they aremaintained by the International Football Association Board, as discussed in thehistory and development section above.
Major international competitionsThe major international competition in football is the World Cup, organised byFIFA. This competition takes place over a four-year period. More than 190national teams compete in qualifying tournaments within the scope ofcontinental confederations for a place in the finals. The finals
tournament,which is held every four years, now involves 32 national teams (increased in1998 from the 24 of 1994) competing over a four-week period. The 2006 FIFAWorld Cup took place in Germany[15] ; in 2010 it will be held in South Africa.There has been a football tournament at every Summer Olympic Games since 1900,except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles. Prior to the inception of the WorldCup, the Olympics (especially during the 1920s) had the same status as theWorld Cup. Originally, the event was for amateurs only.
However, since the1984 Summer Olympics professionals have been permitted as well, albeit withcertain restrictions which effectively prevent countries from fielding theirstrongest sides. Currently, the Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23level. In the past the Olympics have allowed a restricted number of over-ageplayers per team.
But that practice will cease in the 2008 Olympics. TheOlympic competition is not generally considered to carry the same internationalsignificance and prestige as the World Cup. A women's tournament was added in1996; in contrast to the men's event, the women's Olympic tournament is playedby full international sides without age restrictions. It thus carriesinternational prestige considered comparable to that of the FIFA Women's WorldCup.After the World Cup, the most important football competitions are thecontinental championships, which are organised by each continentalconfederation and contested between national teams. These are the EuropeanChampionship (UEFA), the Copa América (CONMEBOL), African Cup of Nations (CAF),the Asian Cup (AFC), the CONCACAF Gold Cup (CONCACAF) and the OFC Nations Cup(OFC). The most prestigious competitions in club football are the respectivecontinental championships, which are generally contested between nationalchampions, for example the UEFA Champions League in Europe and the CopaLibertadores de América in South America
Domestic competitionsThe governing bodies in each country operate leagues, themselves normallycomprised of several divisions, in which the teams gain points throughout theseason depending on results. Teams are placed into tables, placing them inorder according to points accrued. Most commonly, each team plays every otherteam in its league at home and away in each season. At the end of a season, thetop team are declared to be the champions, and the top few teams may be promotedto a higher division; and one or more of the teams finishing at the bottom arerelegated to a lower division. The teams finishing at the top of a country'sleague may be eligible also to play in international club competitions in thefollowing season. The main exceptions to this system occur in some SouthAmerican leagues, which divide football championships into two sections namedApertura and Clausura, awarding a champion for each.In addition to a league system, most countries operate one or more cupcompetitions during the season. These are organised on a knock-out basis, thewinner of each match proceeding to the next round; the loser takes no furtherpart in the competition. For a full list of the most important footballcompetitions in each country, see football (soccer) around the world.[edit]Names of the gameMain articles: Football (soccer) names and Football (word)The rules of football were codified in England by the Football Association in1863, and the name association football was coined to distinguish the game fromthe other forms of football played at the time, specifically rugby football. Theterm soccer first appeared in the 1880s as a slang abbreviation of Associationfootball, often credited to Charles Wreford-Brown.
Today the sport is known by a number of names throughout the English-speakingworld, the most common being football and soccer. The term used depends largelyon the need to differentiate the sport from other codes of football followed ina community. Football is the term used by FIFA, the sport's world governingbody, and the International Olympic Committee. For more details of namingthroughout the world, please refer to the main articles above.[edit]See alsoWikimedia Commons has media related to: SoccerWikinews has an entire section of news on: Football (Soccer) Football (soccer) portal List of national football teams List of club/sub-national football teams List of football (soccer) players Football Terminolgy explained Football (soccer) culture Football Terminology Football hooliganism Beach soccer Indoor football: futsal, five a side football, and indoor soccer Informal football-style games: see street football and bossaball Paralympic football WikiNews football news portal Football (soccer)
However, since the1984 Summer Olympics professionals have been permitted as well, albeit withcertain restrictions which effectively prevent countries from fielding theirstrongest sides. Currently, the Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23level. In the past the Olympics have allowed a restricted number of over-ageplayers per team.
But that practice will cease in the 2008 Olympics. TheOlympic competition is not generally considered to carry the same internationalsignificance and prestige as the World Cup. A women's tournament was added in1996; in contrast to the men's event, the women's Olympic tournament is playedby full international sides without age restrictions. It thus carriesinternational prestige considered comparable to that of the FIFA Women's WorldCup.After the World Cup, the most important football competitions are thecontinental championships, which are organised by each continentalconfederation and contested between national teams. These are the EuropeanChampionship (UEFA), the Copa América (CONMEBOL), African Cup of Nations (CAF),the Asian Cup (AFC), the CONCACAF Gold Cup (CONCACAF) and the OFC Nations Cup(OFC). The most prestigious competitions in club football are the respectivecontinental championships, which are generally contested between nationalchampions, for example the UEFA Champions League in Europe and the CopaLibertadores de América in South America
Domestic competitionsThe governing bodies in each country operate leagues, themselves normallycomprised of several divisions, in which the teams gain points throughout theseason depending on results. Teams are placed into tables, placing them inorder according to points accrued. Most commonly, each team plays every otherteam in its league at home and away in each season. At the end of a season, thetop team are declared to be the champions, and the top few teams may be promotedto a higher division; and one or more of the teams finishing at the bottom arerelegated to a lower division. The teams finishing at the top of a country'sleague may be eligible also to play in international club competitions in thefollowing season. The main exceptions to this system occur in some SouthAmerican leagues, which divide football championships into two sections namedApertura and Clausura, awarding a champion for each.In addition to a league system, most countries operate one or more cupcompetitions during the season. These are organised on a knock-out basis, thewinner of each match proceeding to the next round; the loser takes no furtherpart in the competition. For a full list of the most important footballcompetitions in each country, see football (soccer) around the world.[edit]Names of the gameMain articles: Football (soccer) names and Football (word)The rules of football were codified in England by the Football Association in1863, and the name association football was coined to distinguish the game fromthe other forms of football played at the time, specifically rugby football. Theterm soccer first appeared in the 1880s as a slang abbreviation of Associationfootball, often credited to Charles Wreford-Brown.
Today the sport is known by a number of names throughout the English-speakingworld, the most common being football and soccer. The term used depends largelyon the need to differentiate the sport from other codes of football followed ina community. Football is the term used by FIFA, the sport's world governingbody, and the International Olympic Committee. For more details of namingthroughout the world, please refer to the main articles above.[edit]See alsoWikimedia Commons has media related to: SoccerWikinews has an entire section of news on: Football (Soccer) Football (soccer) portal List of national football teams List of club/sub-national football teams List of football (soccer) players Football Terminolgy explained Football (soccer) culture Football Terminology Football hooliganism Beach soccer Indoor football: futsal, five a side football, and indoor soccer Informal football-style games: see street football and bossaball Paralympic football WikiNews football news portal Football (soccer)
posted by Saasawala @ 12:25 AM
0 comments
